Study examines growth and development of kids’ brains

Lauran Neergaard

WASHINGTON — Can you get smarter than a fifth-grader? Of course, but new research suggests some of the brain’s basic building blocks for learning are nearing adult levels by age 11 or 12.

It is the first finding from a study of how children’s brains grow. The most interesting results are yet to come.

About 500 super-healthy newborns to teenagers, recruited from super-healthy families, are having periodic MRI scans of their brains as they grow up. They also get a battery of age-appropriate tests of such abilities as IQ, language skills and memory.

The project, funded by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), is tricky work.

Move during an MRI, and the image blurs. Because scientists cannot sedate healthy children, they find themselves having to get crafty to keep their subjects still. Tired toddlers are put in the scanners at naptime; mom squeezes in for a cuddle and earplugs help block the machines’ noisy banging. Six-year-olds wear earphones and watch favorite videos beamed into the scanner.

The MRI images measure how different parts of the brain grow and reorganize throughout childhood.

Overlap them with the children’s shifting behavioral and intellectual abilities at each age, and scientists expect to produce a long-sought map of normal brain development in children representative of the diverse U.S. population.

Last Friday, scientists published a sneak peek at some surprising early results.

Performance on a variety of cognitive tasks — working memory, vocabulary, spatial recognition, reasoning, calculation — rapidly improves between age 6 and 10, but then levels off.

“We don’t honestly know why,” said Dr. Deborah Waber of Children’s Hospital Boston, who led the analysis published in the Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society.

This is a snapshot of 6- to 18-year-olds’ abilities during their first study visit. Results may change after researchers observe each child’s progress with age and compare their MRI scans, she said.

The adolescent brain is still growing. Indeed, the region responsible for things such as impulse control and moral judgment is the last to mature, sometime in the early 20s, said Dr. Jordan Grafman of the NIH’s National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke.

The study did not evaluate those kinds of skills. “It’s an incomplete picture,” Grafman said.

But the age finding does make sense, suggesting a foundation necessary for higher learning is in place by puberty, said Dr. John Gilmore of the University of North Carolina School of Medicine. The brain development specialist was not involved with the project.

Scientists already knew that before age 12, the brain is racing to wire itself, making more connections between nerve cells that in turn enlarge vital regions. This is a time of rapid learning, the reason it is easier to learn a foreign language as a young child than as a teenager or adult, Gilmore said.

After puberty, the process slows and the brain “prunes” itself, focusing less on installing new wiring than on programming and refining what is already there.

“Obviously, learning continues to happen,” Gilmore said. But the new study says that “by 10 or 12, kids have the basic building blocks they need to learn.”

The study also found that girls start with a slightly better verbal ability, but boys catch up by adolescence. They have an equal aptitude for math. While children from low-income families scored slightly lower on IQ tests, earlier suggestions of a bigger gap are due to poorer health among poor families.

Once those key MRI scans are added to the children’s ability tests, scientists will have a better idea of the range of normal childhood development. Then they can use the data to help figure out what goes wrong in brain diseases such as autism.

(Associated Press)